 |
 |
|
Species
|
Target
Modified Traits
|
Proposed
Application
|
Status of Development |
| Mud Loach | Increased growth rates, improved feed conversion and likely sterility after insertion of mud loach growth hormone driven by mud loach ß-actin regulatory region (Nam et al. 2001, Nam et al. 2001a) |
Aquaculture
for human food
|
Research
|
| Channel Catfish | Enhanced bacterial resistance after insertion of moth peptide antibiotic, cecropin B gene (Dunham et al. 2002) |
Aquaculture
for human food
|
Research
|
| Medaka | Faciliation of better detection of mutations (presumably caused by environmental pollutant factors) after insertion of a bacteriophage vector (serves as a mutational target). After exposure to mutagenic agent, vector DNA is removed, inserted into indicator bacteria--where mutant genes can be easily measured (Winn et al. 1995, Winn et al. 2000, Winn 2001, Winn 2001a, Winn et al. 2001) |
Industrial
uses; Environmental uses
|
Research;
method has been patented |
| Atlantic salmon | Increased growth rate and food conversion efficiency by inserting Chinook salmon growth hormone gene that is switched on year-round, thereby fostering growth to occur year-round, rather than mainly in the summer (Cook et al. 2000, Hew and Fletcher 1996) |
Aquaculture
for human food
|
Method
has been patented;
FDA is reviewing application for commercial use |
| Red Sea Bream | Increased growth rates after insertion of an "all fish" growth hormone - ocean pout antifreeze protein gene promoter and Chinook salmon growth hormone (Zhang et al. 1998) |
Aquaculture
for human food
|
Research
|
| Rainbow Trout | Improved carbohydrate metabolism after insertion of human glucose transporter type I and rat hexokinase type II, cloned with viral (CMV) and piscine (sockeye salmon metallothionein-B and histone 3) promoters. Potentially allows giving fish feed that contains plant materials. (Pitkanen et al. 1999) |
Aquaculture
for human food; |
Research
|
| Trout | Increased growth rate and food conversion efficiency via insertion of sockeye salmon growth hormone gene (Devlin et al. 2001) |
Aquaculture
for human food
|
Being
used as a model for other research
|
|
Zebrafish
|
Production
of male-only offspring by injecting into fish eggs an altered gene that
prevents the fish's aromatase enzyme from transforming reproductive
hormone androgen into estrogen; lack of estrogen prevents development
of female fish (Woody 2002)
|
Biological
control of aquatic nuisance species, such as carp
|
Research; |
| Carp | Improved disease resistance by inserting a human interferon gene (Zhu 2001) |
Aquaculture
for human food
|
Research
|
| Goldfish | Increased cold tolerance after insertion of ocean pout antifreeze protein gene (Wang et al. 1995) |
Aquaculture
for human food
|
Research
|
| Tilapia | Increased growth rate and food conversion efficiency after insertion of tilapia growth hormone gene (Martinez et al. 2000) |
Aquaculture
for human food
|
Seeking regulatory approval |
| Tilapia | Production of clotting factor after insertion of human gene for clotting factor VII, for medicinal applications (Aquagene 2001) |
Pharmaceutical
Production
|
Research
|
| Tilapia | Increased growth rate, food conversion efficiency, and utilization of protein after insertion of chinook salmon growth hormone with ocean pout antifreeze promoter (Rahman et al. 2001) |
Aquaculture
for human food
|
Research
|
|
|
Potential improved disease resistance and growth acceleration in mollusks by harnessing altered genetic material from a virus to introduce foreign DNA (Burns and Chen 1999). |
Aquaculture
for human food
|
Research;
method has been patented |
| Oysters | Improved disease resistance by introduction of retroviral vectors. Researchers are determining most effective method of insertion (Lu et al. 1996, Burns and Friedman 2002) |
Aquaculture
for human food
|
Research
|
|
Seaweed |
Enhanced production of carrageenan or agar (both are valuable to the food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries) after introduction of foreign DNA (Cheney and Duke 1995) |
Industrial
uses
|
Research;
method has been patented |
| Algae (Spirulina) | Potential improved nutritional and medicinal value of commonly consumed Spirulina. Method to achieve such trait changes recently confirmed via successful integration and expression of a genetically engineered marker gene (Zhang et al. 2001) |
Aquaculture
for human food
|
Research
|
| Algae | Enhanced ability to bind heavy metals after successful expression of a foreign class-II metallothionein (chicken MT-II cDNA) (Cai et al. 1999) |
Bioremedial
application
|
Research
|
|
Diatoms |
Reduced dependence on light for growth after insertion of human gene for biochemical involved in metabolism of sugar (Zaxlavskaia et al. 2001) |
Industrial
uses
|
Research
|
| Crayfish | Production of transgenic offspring (in crayfish and live-bearing fish) after injection, in parents' gonads, of replication-defective pantropic retroviral vector. Successful transgenic individuals expressed neomycin phosphotransferase gene (neoR) (Sarmasik et al. 2001) |
Aquaculture
for human food
|
Research; |
|
Kuruma
Prawns |
Potential improved growth rate through gene insertion. Researchers are currently inserting marker genes to confirm most appropriate GE method (Preston et al. 2000) |
Aquaculture
for human food
|
Research
|
|
Last
modified March 17, 2003. For questions and comments related to
this web page please contact ISEES@umn.edu.
|
|
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1996-2003 Institute for Social, Economic, and Ecological Sustainability,
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