Through our in-depth research of marine biotechnologies, ISEES staff have found numerous papers relating to the topics of transgenic aquatic species and the policies thereof.

The references are separated by five subject headings; some citations appear under more than one heading. Please contact us if there are references you would like to see included.

Please cite ISEES when using these reference lists.

As in many areas, research into potential applications and effects of marine GMOs has steadily increased as more information on the technology is collected. Studies have been conducted using salmon, zebra fish, trout, tilapia, and medaka, to name a few.

This page contains resources that relate to current and recent research on transgenic fin fish, specifically. Additionally, references pertaining to products, and applications, of transgenic fin fish technologies can be found here.

As the interest in commercializing biotechnology continues to grow, it is essential that an effective regulatory framework exists to assess and use these technologies safely.

References listed on this page contain information that has, and continues to, inform U.S. policies on marine GMOs; this page also includes references that have been used as precedents for marine biotechnology policy.

In an increasingly globalized economy, it is imperative that marine biotechnology be regulated under the assumption that products of this technology will, potentially, eventually be applied around the world.

This page contains references that relate to the policy statements and legal regulations of international governments and commercial associations. It also contains several citations on international research of marine GMOs.

A fundamental component of researching and developing marine biotechnology, risk assessment has an increasing associated body of literature.

This page contains references to risk assessment literature, including scientific research that calls for complete risk assessment in the research and development of marine biotechnology.

Marine biotechnology is a broad subject area--many living marine organisms have been found to have potential biotechnology applications other than fish (or "fin fish"). Biotechnological research has been conducted on marine yeast, bacteria, algae, plants, and invertebrates.

This page contains references relating to this research on non-fish aquatic species.

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Last modified July 3, 2001.  For questions and comments related to this web page please contact isees@umn.edu. © 1996-2001 Institute for Social, Economic, and Ecological Sustainability, University of Minnesota. The University of Minnesota is an equal opportunity educator and employer.